The incidence of common health problems can vary twofold from one neighborhood to another as a result of the basic determiners of health, such as income, housing, employment, and education.” Dennis Raphael, in his Introduction to Social Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives, notes that recent research serves to downplay the contributions of bio-medical and lifestyle factors to the incidenc [...] Example: Shifting the focus on chronic disease in the public health sector Health activists have been urging the public health sector since the mid-80’s to move from an individually focused biomedical and lifestyle approach to preventing chronic disease to a collective action approach focused on reducing the impact of challenges with the social determinants of health. [...] This group, led by the Sudbury and District Health Unit, also arranged for a special stream in the joint annual meeting of the Ontario Public Health Association (OPHA) and the Association of Local. [...] The Urban Health Framework of the Greater Toronto Area CHCs recognizes that disparities in the health of people and communities in urban settings is a growing concern within the GTA. [...] The small percentage of the population at the top of the income and wealth scale is healthier and lives longer than the larger percentage of the population at the bottom.