Report on Equality Rights of Aboriginal People

Table of Contents

• MESSAGE FROM THE ACTING CHIEF COMMISSIONER 4
• BACKGROUND 5
• INTRODUCTION 5
• METHODOLOGY 5
• Data sources 5
• Method of analysis 8
• Limitations of the data 8
• Table 1.1: Distribution of Aboriginal adults by age groups and sex – reference year 2006 9
• Table 1.2: Distribution of Aboriginal adults who report multiple identities5 by age groups and sex – reference year 2006 9
• Table 1.3: Distribution of First Nations adults by age groups and sex – reference year 2006 10
• Table 1.4: Distribution of Métis adults by age groups and sex – reference year 2006 10
• Table 1.5: Distribution of Inuit adults by age groups and sex – reference year 2006 11
• CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC WELL-BEING 12
• Chart 2.1: Median household after-tax income10 by age groups, sex and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 13
• Table 2.1: Median household after-tax income for adult men by quintile,11 Aboriginal status and age groups – reference year 2009 14
• Table 2.2: Median household after-tax income for adult women by quintile, Aboriginal status and age groups – reference year 2009 15
• Table 2.3: Median household after-tax income for Aboriginal adults by quintile, sex and age groups – reference year 2009 16
• Table 2.4: Proportionate share of the total household after-tax income of adult men by quintile, Aboriginal status and age groups – reference year 2009 17
• Table 2.5: Proportionate share of the total household after-tax income of adult women by quintile, Aboriginal status and age groups – reference year 2009 17
• a) Low-income status 18
• Table 2.6: Proportion of adult men in low-income status by age groups and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 18
• Table 2.7: Proportion of adult women in low-income status by age groups and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 18
• b) Low-income gap ratio14 19
• Chart 2.2: Average low-income gap ratios of adults by sex, age groups and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 19
• c) Persistent low-income status 20
• Table 2.8: Proportion of adults aged 15+ in persistent low-income status by sex and Aboriginal status – reference years 2006-2009 20
• d) Government transfers as major source of income 21
• Table 2.9: Proportion of adult men who receive government transfers as their major source of income16 by age groups and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 21
• Table 2.10: Proportion of adult women who receive government transfers as their major source of income by age groups and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 21
• CHAPTER 3: EMPLOYMENT 22
• a) Single or multiple19 status in the labour force 23
• Table 3.1: Labour force status of adults aged 15+ by labour force status, Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2009 23
• b) Number of jobs held 24
• Table 3.2: Proportion of adult men aged 15+ by number of jobs held and Aboriginal Status – reference year 2009 24
• Table 3.3: Proportion of adult women aged 15+ by number of jobs held and Aboriginal Status – reference year 2009 24
• c) Reasons for having difficulty finding work 25
• Table 3.4: Proportion of Aboriginal adults who report not having enough education or training for available jobs by age groups and sex – reference year 2005 25
• Table 3.5 Proportion of Aboriginal adults who report difficulty finding work due to lack of experience required for available jobs by age groups and sex – reference year 2005 25
• d) Type of employment 26
• Table 3.6: Proportion of adults aged 15+ holding permanent employment by sex and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 26
• Table 3.7: Proportion of Aboriginal adults aged 15+ holding non-permanent employment by sex and type of employment – reference year 2009 27
• Table 3.8: Proportion of non-Aboriginal adults aged 15+ holding non-permanent employment by sex and type of employment – reference year 2009 27
• Table 3.9: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who work part-time but want to work full- time by sex and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 28
• e) Chronic unemployment 29
• Table 3.10: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who are chronically unemployed by Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 29
• 3.11 : Proportion of Aboriginal adults aged 15+ who report holding a job related to their specialization by sex and degree of “relatedness” – reference year 2009 30
• 3.12 : Proportion of non-Aboriginal adults aged 15+ who report holding a job related to their specialization by sex and degree of “relatedness” – reference year 2009 30
• a) Employer-sponsored pension plans 31
• 3.13 : Proportion of adults aged 15+ who are covered by an employer-sponsored pension plan by sex and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 31
• b) Employer-sponsored life/disability insurance 32
• 3.14 : Proportion of adults aged 15+ who have access to employer-sponsored life/disability insurance by sex and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 32
• a) Employment Insurance benefits 33
• Table 3.15: Proportion of adult men who have received Employment Insurance benefits by age groups and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 33
• Table 3.16: Proportion of adult women who have received Employment Insurance benefits by age groups and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 33
• b) Social assistance 34
• Table 3.17: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who have received social assistance by sex and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 34
• c) Federal and provincial government transfers 34
• Table 3.18: Average federal and provincial government transfers24 by age groups, Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2009 34
• CHAPTER 4: EDUCATION 35
• a) Enrolment in high school 36
• Table 4.1: Proportion of adults aged 15+ enrolled in high school by sex and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 36
• b) Enrolment in post-secondary education 36
• Table 4.2: Proportion of adults aged 15+ enrolled in post-secondary education by type of post-secondary education and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 36
• c) Access to education that is culturally relevant to Aboriginal Adults 37
• Table 4.3: Proportion of Aboriginal adults aged 15+ who report having access to education relevant to their culture, by type of educational services and sex – reference year 2006 37
• a) Graduation from high school 38
• Table 4.4: Proportion of adults aged 25 to 64 who graduate from high school as their highest educational attainment by sex and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 38
• b) Level of post-secondary education attained 39
• Table 4.5: Proportion of adults aged 25 to 64 who have attained some post- secondary education as their highest educational attainment by type of post- secondary education, Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2009 39
• Table 4.6: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who report experiencing discrimination while attending school or classes in the last 5 years by Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 40
• CHAPTER 5: HOUSING 41
• a) Core housing need 41
• Table 5.1: Proportion of households30 in core housing need by Aboriginal status – reference year 2006 42
• b) Housing in need of major repair 42
• Table 5.2: Proportion of adults who live in households that need major repairs by age groups, Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2006 42
• c) Expenditure of more than 50% of before-tax income on housing 43
• Table 5.3: Proportion of adults who spend more than 50% of before-tax income on housing31 by age groups, Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2006 43
• a) Aboriginal adults who live in subsidized housing 44
• Table 5.4: Proportion of Aboriginal adults who live in subsidized housing by sex – reference year 2006 44
• b) Aboriginal adults who are on a waiting list for subsidized housing 44
• Table 5.5: Proportion of Aboriginal adults who are on a waiting list for subsidized housing by sex – reference year 2006 44
• Table 5.6: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who report discrimination in accessing housing in the last 5 years by Aboriginal Status – reference Year 2009 45
• CHAPTER 6: HEALTH 46
• a) Availability of health care 47
• Table 6.1: Proportion of Aboriginal adults who felt that they needed health care in the past 12 months, but did not receive it, by age groups and sex – reference year 2006 47
• b) Necessary health care not available in area 47
• Table 6.2: Proportion of Aboriginal adults who report that they did not get necessary health care in the past 12 months because it was not available in their area by sex – reference year 2006 47
• a) Obesity 49
• Table 6.3: Proportion of adult aged 15+ who are obese by BMI category, Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2010 49
• b) Prevalence of cancer35 50
• Table 6.4: Proportion of Aboriginal adults aged 15+ who report having cancer by sex – reference year 2006 50
• c) Prevalence of hepatitis36 50
• Table 6.5: Proportion of Aboriginal adults aged 15+ who report having hepatitis by sex – reference year 2006 50
• d) Prevalence of HIV 51
• Table 6.6: Proportion of Aboriginal adults aged 15+ who report having HIV by sex – reference year 2006 51
• Self-reported rating of one’s own state of mental health 52
• Table 6.7: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who report on their mental health by mental health status, and Aboriginal status – reference year 2010 52
• Table 6.8: Adults aged 15+ who report discrimination when dealing with public hospital or health care workers in the last 5 years by Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2009 53
• CHAPTER 7: JUSTICE AND SAFETY 54
• Indicator One: Contact with the justice system39 54
• a) Representation of offenders incarcerated 55
• Table 7.1: Proportion of offenders incarcerated40 by sex and Aboriginal status – reference year 2011 55
• b) Parole 55
• Table 7.2: Parole decisions by type of release and Aboriginal status – reference year 2011 55
• c) Percentage of sentence served at time of parole 56
• Table 7.3: Percentage of sentence served at time of parole by type of supervision and Aboriginal status – reference year 2011 56
• Indicator Two: Domestic violence 57
• a) Emotional and/or financial abuse by a spouse/partner 57
• Table 7.4: Proportion of adults who report experiencing emotional or financial abuse by a spouse/partner during their lifetime by sex and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 57
• b) Physical and/or sexual violence by a spouse/partner 57
• Table 7.5: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who report experiencing physical and/or sexual violence by a spouse/partner in the last 5 years by Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 57
• Indicator Three: Hate crimes 58
• Table 7.6: Proportion of hate crimes41 reported by victimized adults aged 15+ by sex and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 58
• Indicator Four: Violent crimes 58
• a) Assaults 58
• Table 7.7: Proportion of assaults42 reported by victimized adults aged 15+ by sex and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 58
• b) Most serious victimization 59
• Table 7.8: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who report being a victim by type of most serious victimization and Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 59
• Indicator Five: Vulnerability to crime 60
• a) Perceived vulnerability to crime when walking alone in 60
• one’s area after dark 60
• Table 7.9: Proportion of adults who report feeling unsafe49when walking alone after dark in their area by Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2009 60
• b) Perceived vulnerability to crime while waiting for or using public transportation alone after dark 61
• Table 7.10: Proportion of adults who report feeling worried50 while waiting for or using public transportation alone after dark by Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2009 61
• c) Perceived vulnerability to crime when alone at home in the evening or at night 61
• Table 7.11: Proportion of adults who report feeling worried51 when alone at home in the evening or at night by Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2009 61
• Table 7.12: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who report on their degree of confidence in the police by level of confidence, Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2009 62
• Table 7.13: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who came into contact with the police for a traffic violation by Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2009 63
• Table 7.14: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who came into contact with the police as victim of crime by Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2009 63
• Table 7.15: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who came into contact with the police when being arrested by Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 64
• Table 7.16: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who report being discriminated against when dealing with the police or in courts in the last 5 years by Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2009 65
• CHAPTER 8: POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT AND SOCIAL INCLUSION 66
• a) Municipal/local election 67
• Table 8.1: Proportion of adults aged 18+ who voted in the last municipal/local election by Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2008 67
• b) Provincial election 67
• Table 8.2: Proportion of adults aged 18+ who voted in the last provincial election by Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2008 67
• c) Federal election 68
• Table 8.3: Proportion of adults aged 18+ who voted in the last federal election by Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2008 68
• a) Sense of belonging to one’s local community 69
• Table 8.4: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who report their sense of belonging to their local community by degree, Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2008 69
• b) Volunteerism 70
• Table 8.5: Proportion of adults who did volunteer work for an organization in the last 12 months by age groups, Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2008 70
• c) Participation in civic groups 70
• Table 8.6: Proportion of adults who participated in at least one civic group53 in the last 12 months by Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2008 70
• Table 8.7: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who participated in civic group(s) in the last 12 months by type of civic engagement, Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2008 71
• d) Use of technology (computer and Internet) 72
• Table 8.8: Proportion of Aboriginal adults who used the Internet in the last 12 months by age group and sex – reference year 2006 72
• Table 8.9: Proportion of Aboriginal adults aged 15+ who report on the barriers preventing them from using Internet by barrier – reference year 2006 72
• Indicator Three: Access to services in respondents’ language 73
• Table 8.10: Proportion of Aboriginal women who report having access to services in their language in their city, town or village by type of service and age groups – reference year 2006 73
• Table 8.11: Proportion of Aboriginal men who report having access to services in their language in their city, town or village by type of service and age groups – reference year 2006 74
• Table 8.12: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who report discrimination in at least one service or leisure55 in the last 5 years, by Aboriginal status and sex – reference year 2009 75
• Table 8.13: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who report discrimination on a bus, train, airplane, subway, light rapid transit, ferry, etc. in the last 5 years by Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 76
• Table 8.14: Proportion of adults aged 15+ who report discrimination when crossing the border to Canada in the last 5 years by Aboriginal status – reference year 2009 76
• Bibliography 77