Critical Raw Materials: A production and trade outlook

Table of Contents

• 1.0 Introduction 11
• 2.0 The Role of Commodities in OACPS 13
• 3.0 CRM: Definition and relevance 15
• 3.1 What is Meant by “Criticality”? 15
• 3.2 Relevance: Key technological drivers and societal needs 16
• 3.3 Key Challenges in CRM Supply Chains and Implications for OACPS Countries 18
• 4.0 OACPS and Critical Raw Materials 22
• 4.1 OACPS and the Production of CRMs 22
• 4.2 Regional Outlook 24
• 4.3 Trade Outlook 28
• 5.0 Regulatory Frameworks Governing CRMs 41
• 5.1 Brief Overview of Relevant Policies and Frameworks Governing CRM in OACPS Countries 41
• 5.2 Brief Overview of Policies Guiding CRMs in OACPS Partner Countries 47
• 5.3 International Trade and Investment Frameworks 53
• 6.0 Conclusion: Navigating global dynamics, safeguarding interests, and addressing concerns 62
• 6.1 Political and Strategic Interests 63
• 6.2 Economic Interests 64
• 6.3 Social and Environmental Challenges 65
• References 66
• Appendix A. Overview of policies and terminologies (see Appendix B for the associated list of minerals) 74
• Appendix B. List of critical minerals (CMs) in selected countries 78
• Appendix C. Mapping Selected Critical Raw Materials Against Clean Energy Transition Technologies, Digital Technologies and Societal Needs 85
• Appendix D. Critical Raw Materials Produced in OACPS Countries, by Global Rank, Share of Global Production, and Level of Concentration of Production 88
• Appendix E. HS Codes Used for this Study 103
• Appendix F. Copper Beneficiation (Value) Chain (For Sulphides Ores Using Pyrometallurgy Process) 105
• Appendix G. Summary of Measures Disciplined or Prohibited Under the Rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO) 107
• Appendix H. Overview of Trade Rules Applicable Between the European Union and Organisation of African, Caribbean, and Pacific States Countries 110