Covering a broad swathe of time, from colonization to the present day, Forced Migration in/to Canada examines human displacement in a variety of contexts: Indigenous dislocation and settler colonialism, Black enslavement, human trafficking, statelessness, climate migration, and newcomer settlement.
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- Montreal, CA
Table of Contents
- Forced Migration in/to Canada: From Colonization to Refugee Resettlement 1
- Cover 1
- Half Title Page 3
- Series Page 4
- Title Page 5
- Copyright 6
- Dedication 7
- Contents 9
- Tables and Figures 13
- Abbreviations 15
- Acknowledgments 19
- Foreword - Jennifer Hyndman 21
- INTRODUCTION: In/to Canada - Christina R. Clark-Kazak 27
- KEY TERMS 27
- INTRODUCTION 27
- WHY CARE ABOUT FORCED MIGRATION? 28
- WHAT IS FORCED MIGRATION? 28
- THE IMPORTANCE OF FORCED MIGRATION IN AND TO CANADA 31
- CURRENT ISSUES AND TRENDS 33
- FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES IN CANADA 35
- STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK: KEY THEMES 35
- CONCLUSION 38
- SECTION ONE: Situating Forced Migration in Canada 41
- 1: Migrants in Their Own Territory: Indigenous Displacement and Settler Colonialism in Canada - Veldon Coburn 43
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 43
- KEY TERMS 43
- INTRODUCTION 44
- A “NATION OF IMMIGRANTS”: CANADIAN NATIONALISM AND INDIGENOUS ERASURE 45
- INDIGENOUS DISPOSSESSION AND DISPLACEMENT 48
- BIOPOLITICS OF CANADIAN SETTLER COLONIALISM 52
- CONCLUSION 54
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 55
- 2: “Sold for a Slave for Life”: Black Enslavement in Colonial Canada - Natasha Henry-Dixon 56
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 56
- KEY TERMS 56
- INTRODUCTION 57
- KEY CONCEPTS 58
- Race and Racialization 59
- Racial Slavery 59
- Freedom Seekers 61
- Forced Movement, Forced Labour 61
- CANADIAN SLAVERY HISTORIOGRAPHY 63
- THE VESTIGES OF SLAVERY 64
- CONCLUSION 65
- NOTES 66
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 66
- 3: Selectivity, Crisis, and “Loopholes”: A Critical Geography of Canada’s Bordering of Refuge - Julie E.E. Young 68
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 68
- KEY TERMS 68
- INTRODUCTION 69
- WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BORDERS AND REFUGE? 70
- SELECTIVITY AND CRISIS: BORDERING REFUGE IN CANADA 74
- THE CANADA–UNITED STATES SAFE THIRD COUNTRY AGREEMENT AND “DISCURSIVE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE REFUGEE” (MACKLIN 2005) 77
- CONCLUSION 79
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 81
- 4: Labels, Discourse, and Meaning-Making - Erin Goheen Glanville and Efrat Arbel 82
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 82
- KEY TERMS 82
- INTRODUCTION 83
- THE ROLE OF CULTURE IN MEANING-MAKING 85
- DISCOURSE 86
- LIVED EXPERIENCES 88
- THE REFUGEE LABEL 90
- CONCLUSIONS AND WAYS FORWARD 94
- NOTE 94
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 94
- 5: Theorizing Forced Migration and the Purpose of International Protection - Kiran Banerjee 96
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 96
- KEY TERMS 96
- INTRODUCTION 97
- THEORIZING FORCED MIGRATION FROM A HISTORICAL AND NORMATIVE PERSPECTIVE 98
- THREE NORMATIVE MODELS OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION: POLITICAL, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND HUMANITARIAN 101
- The “Political Conception” 102
- The “Human Rights Conception” 103
- The “Humanitarian Conception” 105
- PARADIGMS IN PRACTICE? JUSTIFICATION’S ROLE IN CANADIAN RESPONSES TO FORCED MIGRATION 106
- CONCLUSION 109
- NOTES 110
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 111
- 6: Reflecting on Ethics in Forced Migration Art and Research - Francisco-Fernando Granados and Lois Klassen 113
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 113
- KEY TERMS 113
- INTRODUCTION 114
- POSITIONALITY AND CRITICAL REFLEXIVITY IN RESEARCH 117
- GENERAL AND SPECIFIC: ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN FORCED MIGRATION ART AND RESEARCH 119
- Respect for Persons 120
- Field Example: “Respect for Persons” in Participatory Photography 121
- Concern for Welfare 122
- Field Example: “Concern for Welfare” of Peer Researchers 122
- Justice 123
- Field Example: Seeking “Justice” in Centring Refugee Spaces 124
- CONCLUSION 125
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 125
- 7: Forced Migration into Canada from a Global Perspective - Dawit Demoz 127
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 127
- KEY TERMS 127
- INTRODUCTION 128
- HISTORICAL REVIEW OF CANADA’S IMMIGRATION POLICIES 128
- CANADA’S REFUGEE RESETTLEMENT 129
- CANADA’S INTERNATIONAL POLICY AND FORCED MIGRATION 133
- MEANINGFUL REFUGEE PARTICIPATION AND INCLUSION 136
- CONCLUSION 139
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 139
- 8: Canada’s Legal and Policy Framework for Migration - Veronica Fynn Bruey and Robert Fantauzzi 141
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 141
- KEY TERMS 141
- INTRODUCTION: A BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND IN (IM)MIGRATION LAW AND POLITICS IN CANADA 142
- CONTEXT FOR CURRENT LEGISLATIVE IMMIGRATION FRAMEWORK 145
- LAW, STATUTE, REGULATION, AND POLICY: (IM)MIGRANTS, REFUGEES, RESIDENTS, AND CITIZENS 146
- CONTEMPORARY POLITICS AND LAW OF FORCED MIGRATION IN CANADA: PERSONS IN NEED OF PROTECTION 148
- CONCLUSION 150
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 150
- 9: Key Actors in Forced Migration Management and Response in Canada - Yosief Araya 152
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 152
- KEY TERMS 152
- INTRODUCTION 153
- GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 153
- INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES 155
- CIVIL SOCIETY 156
- Refugee Sponsoring Organizations/Groups 156
- Settlement Service-Providing Organizations (SPOs) 157
- Refugee Advocacy Organizations 158
- Refugee Reception Centres and Shelters 158
- Educational Institutions 159
- REFUGEES AND OTHER FORCIBLY DISPLACED PERSONS 160
- CONCLUSION 161
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 162
- 10: Federal-Provincial Relations and Refugee Policy in Canada - Adèle Garnier 163
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 163
- KEY TERMS 163
- INTRODUCTION 164
- OVERVIEW OF FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL RELATIONS IN CANADA’S REFUGEE POLICY 164
- THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC: ASYMMETRICAL FEDERALISM AND REFUGEE POLICY 167
- MANAGEMENT OF ASYLUM CLAIMS AT THE US-CANADA BORDER: A COMPLEX INTERGOVERNMENTAL PROBLEM 169
- EMERGING ISSUE: MUNICIPALITIES AND FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL RELATIONS IN CANADA’S REFUGEE POLICY 171
- CONCLUSION 173
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 174
- 11: Human Trafficking in Canada: An Overview of an Invisible Crime - Martha Vargas Aguirre 175
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 175
- KEY TERMS 175
- INTRODUCTION 176
- INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK 176
- DEFINING HUMAN TRAFFICKING: A COMPLEX TASK 177
- TRAFFICKING VERSUS MIGRANT SMUGGLING 179
- HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN CANADA 180
- DOMESTIC HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN CANADA: GENDER AND COLONIALISM 180
- TRAFFICKING NON-CITIZENS IN CANADA 182
- CANADIAN RESPONSES TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING 182
- CONCLUSION 185
- NOTES 185
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 187
- SECTION TWO: Intersectionalities of Forced Migration Experiences 189
- 12: (Re)Conceptualizing Gender and Sexuality: Current Understandings and Debates in Forced Migration Research and Policy in Canada - Tanya Aberman 191
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 191
- KEY TERMS 191
- INTRODUCTION 192
- GENDER IDENTITY AND EXPRESSION 192
- SEXUAL ORIENTATION 193
- INTERSECTIONALITY 194
- THE GENDERED UNDERSTANDING OF FORCED MIGRATION: EVOLUTION OF THE GENDERED REFUGEE 195
- GENDER, REFUGEE DETERMINATION, AND SETTLEMENT IN CANADA 196
- GETTING TO THE SOGIESC GUIDELINES 199
- OTHER HUMANITARIAN PROCESSES 203
- CONCLUSION 204
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 204
- 13: Forced Migration across the Life Course: Social Age, Chronological Age, and Family Status - Christina R. Clark-Kazak 205
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 205
- KEY TERMS 205
- INTRODUCTION 206
- WHAT IS AGE? CONCEPTUAL, DEFINITIONAL, AND POLICY DEBATES 206
- SEPARATED AND UNACCOMPANIED CHILDREN: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY CONTEXTS 209
- CHILD PROTECTION RIGHTS UNDER INTERNATIONAL AND CANADIAN LAW 210
- INVISIBILITY OF OLDER REFUGEES IN POLICY AND PROGRAMMING 211
- FAMILY STATUS AND REUNIFICATION 212
- CHANGING INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS DUE TO FORCED MIGRATION 213
- CONCLUSION: PROSPECTS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND FUTURE WORK 214
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 215
- 14: (Dis)Ability and Medical Conditions in Canadian Refugee Resettlement - Rachel McNally 216
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 216
- KEY TERMS 216
- INTRODUCTION 217
- UNDERSTANDING DISABILITY IN DIFFERENT CULTURES AND COMMUNITIES 219
- HOW ARE REFUGEES WITH DISABILITIES SELECTED FOR RESETTLEMENT IN CANADA? 220
- EXPERIENCES AFTER ARRIVAL IN CANADA: SUPPORTS AND BARRIERS 223
- STIGMA AND PROBLEMATIC NARRATIVES ABOUT REFUGEES WITH DISABILITIES IN CANADA 224
- CONCLUSION 225
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 227
- 15: Making Race Central in Forced Migration Studies - Gada Mahrouse and Zeina El Omari 228
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 228
- KEY TERMS 228
- INTRODUCTION 229
- RACE, BORDERS, AND HOW INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE PROTECTION SHOULD WORK 230
- THE UBIQUITOUS ABSENCES OF RACE AND COLONIALISM IN FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES 232
- RACIALIZED DISCOURSES, LABELS, AND MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS 234
- REFUGEE, MIGRANT, AND/OR NEWCOMER EXPERIENCES OF RACISM 236
- ANTI-RACIST FUTURES IN STUDIES ON REFUGEES AND FORCED MIGRATION IN SETTLER COLONIALISM 238
- CONCLUSION 241
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 242
- 16: Class Identity, Performance, and Practices in Refugee Selection and Integration in Canada - Amrita Hari and Romeo Joe Quintero 243
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 243
- KEY TERMS 243
- INTRODUCTION 244
- A CLASSED PERSPECTIVE ON (FORCED) MIGRATION STUDIES 244
- THE ROLE OF CLASS IN REFUGEE ADMISSION TO CANADA 249
- UNDERSTANDING AND INVOKING CLASS IN REFUGEE SPONSORSHIP APPLICATIONS AND ADJUDICATION 251
- CLASS-BASED INTEGRATION CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES IN CANADA 253
- CONCLUSION 254
- NOTE 255
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 256
- SECTION THREE: “Becoming” and Un-becoming a Refugee in Canada 257
- 17: Refugee Protection in Canada: A Comparison of Resettlement and Inland Asylum Systems - Idil Atak 259
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 259
- KEY TERMS 259
- INTRODUCTION 260
- RESETTLEMENT 260
- INLAND ASYLUM 262
- REFUGEE ADMISSION: A TOOL FOR MIGRATION MANAGEMENT 264
- A Highly Discretionary and Increasingly Privatized Resettlement Process 266
- A Securitized Inland Asylum System 269
- CONCLUSION: PROSPECTS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND FUTURE WORK 271
- NOTES 272
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 273
- 18: Adding, Naming, Sustaining, and Spreading: Canada’s Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program - Shauna Labman 274
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 274
- KEY TERMS 274
- INTRODUCTION 275
- KEY PSR PRINCIPLES: ADDITIONALITY AND NAMING 277
- A DECADE OF NEW DEVELOPMENTS 280
- WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO WELCOME? 282
- LOOKING FORWARD 283
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 285
- 19: Negotiating Citizenship: Securing Permanence? - David Moffette 286
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 286
- KEY TERMS 286
- INTRODUCTION 287
- THEORIES OF CITIZENSHIP: STATUS, PARTICIPATION, ACTS 288
- THE PROMISE OF PERMANENCE: FROM PRECARIOUS NON-CITIZENSHIP TO FULL MEMBERSHIP? 289
- SUSPICIOUS INCLUSION: CITIZENSHIP TESTS AND CONDITIONALITY 292
- EJECTABLE CITIZENS: “ENEMY ALIENS” AND CITIZENSHIP REVOCATION 294
- CONCLUSION 297
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 298
- 20: The Shifting Landscape of Statelessness in Canada - Yuriko Cowper-Smith and Jocelyn Kane 299
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 299
- KEY TERMS 299
- INTRODUCTION 300
- KEY DEBATES: WHAT IS STATELESSNESS? 300
- Statelessness as a Legal Issue 301
- Statelessness as a Political Issue 302
- Statelessness as a Mode of Being 303
- STATELESSNESS IN CANADA 304
- (Forced) Migration 305
- Indigenous Disenfranchisement 307
- “Crimmigration” 309
- Second-Generation Children Born Abroad 310
- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 312
- NOTES 314
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 315
- 21: Immigration Detention in Canada: Concepts and Controversies - Stephanie J. Silverman 316
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 316
- KEY TERMS 316
- INTRODUCTION 317
- DETENTION IN CANADA 318
- SITUATING DETENTION IN CANADA 322
- UNDOING UNFREEDOM: CHALLENGING MANDATORY DETENTION AND THE FASTER REMOVAL OF FOREIGN CRIMINALS ACT 325
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 326
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 327
- 22: Fires and Floods: Examining Internal Climate Migration in Canada - Geneviève Minville and Yvonne Su 328
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 328
- KEY TERMS 328
- INTRODUCTION 329
- DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTUAL DEBATES 330
- CLIMATE MIGRATION TO CANADA 331
- CLIMATE-INDUCED MIGRATION WITHIN CANADA 332
- WHEN MOVING OR STAYING IS NOT A CHOICE 333
- INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES 336
- RESEARCH GAPS 336
- RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 338
- NOTE 339
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 339
- SECTION FOUR: Making Home and Place 341
- 23: From the Outside In: Decentring the Discussion of Refugee Integration in Canada - Michaela Hynie 343
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 343
- KEY TERMS 343
- INTRODUCTION 344
- INTEGRATION DISCOURSES 345
- WHICH DIMENSIONS MATTER? 345
- Economic Integration 346
- Social Integration 347
- Social Integration as Social Networks and Social Capital 348
- Social Integration as Belonging and Identity 348
- Social Integration as Language Fluency 349
- INTERSECTIONALITY AND INTEGRATION 350
- TWO-WAY INTEGRATION 351
- PUTTING IT TOGETHER: HOLISTIC MEASURES OF INTEGRATION 353
- CONCLUSIONS 356
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 357
- 24: Canada’s Refugee Health-Care System and Its Humanitarian Undertow - Y.Y. Brandon Chen 358
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 358
- KEY TERMS 358
- INTRODUCTION 359
- REFUGEES’ RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 360
- EVOLUTION OF CANADA’S REFUGEE HEALTH-CARE SYSTEM 361
- HUMANITARIAN UNDERCURRENT OF THE IFHP 364
- PROBLEMS OF A HUMANITARIAN APPROACH TO REFUGEE HEALTH CARE 367
- CONCLUSION 369
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 370
- 25: The Right to Work: Rhetoric and Reality for Refugees in Canada - Sally Ogoe and Lori Wilkinson 371
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 371
- KEY TERMS 371
- INTRODUCTION 372
- INTERNATIONAL AND CANADIAN LAWS: REFUGEES’ RIGHT TO WORK 373
- STRUCTURAL BARRIERS TO THE REALIZATION OF REFUGEES’ RIGHT TO WORK 374
- Gender 375
- Bias in Hiring Practices 375
- Language 376
- Education and Credential Recognition 376
- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 378
- RECOMMENDATIONS 380
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 382
- 26: Religious Groups and Refugees in Canada: Advocacy, Partnership, and Resistance - Geoffrey Cameron 383
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 383
- KEY TERMS 383
- INTRODUCTION 384
- ADVOCACY 386
- Canadian Jewish Congress: European Refugees (1930s–50s) 387
- Canadian Council of Churches: Chilean Refugees (1970s) 387
- Ismaili Council for Canada and FOCUS Humanitarian Canada: Afghan Refugees (1990s) 388
- PARTNERSHIP 389
- Refugee Sponsorship 389
- Settlement and Integration 390
- RESISTANCE 391
- Court Challenges 392
- Sanctuary 393
- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 394
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 395
- 27: Forced Migration and Education in Canada: Stories of Resistance, Resilience, and Reconciliation - Snežana Obradović-Ratković, Catherine Longboat, and Julianne Burgess 396
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 396
- KEY TERMS 396
- INTRODUCTION 397
- TEACHING FORCED MIGRATION 398
- THEORETICAL STORYTELLING FRAMEWORK 399
- STORY AS MEANING AND RESEARCH METHOD 400
- CATHERINE 401
- SNEŽANA 403
- JULIANNE 404
- TRUTH-TELLING EDUCATION 405
- TOWARD A PEDAGOGY OF RECONCILIATION 406
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 407
- 28: Making Home in Canada: Housing and Forced Displacement - Christina R. Clark-Kazak 409
- KEY TAKEAWAYS 409
- KEY TERMS 409
- “HOME” BY WARSAN SHIRE 410
- INTRODUCTION 411
- CONCEPTS: HOME AND HOMELESSNESS 412
- CONTEXT: THE RIGHT TO HOUSING IN CANADA 414
- TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL, AND PRECARIOUS HOUSING 416
- OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS TO ACCESSING PERMANENT HOUSING 417
- OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES TO MAKING HOME IN CANADA 420
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 422
- FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES 423
- Glossary 425
- References 439
- Contributors 571
- Index 581
