The preventative instruments of international law have not deterred wars of aggression, namely, the Russian invasion of Ukraine.19 The invasion of Ukraine is widely considered20 a violation of the prohibition of the “use of force” in Article 2 (4) of the Charter of the United Nations,21 with the invasion involving allegations of war crimes and crimes against humanity.22 Further, as a member of the. [...] 28 Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. [...] Beaton clarified the difference between the two stances, explaining that the positivist position of the majority sought to read history in light of the Constitution, whereas the pluralist position sought to inform the Constitution through an analysis of the historical context. [...] Prior to the Order, refugee claimants benefited from the limited section 7 rights of the Charter to “life, liberty and security of the person,” recognized by The Supreme Court of Canada in Singh v Canada.132 In Singh, the Court determined that the right of asylum seekers who are deprived of the right to not “be removed from Canada to a country where his life would be threatened” under section 55 o. [...] In the event of a collision on the high seas, the law of the sea stipulates that either the state in which the offending vessel is registered or the state of nationality of the charged individuals on the offending ship has jurisdiction to prosecute.141 However, in Virgo, the United States made an extradition request 138 Robert J Currie, “Wrongful Extradition: Reforming the Committal Phase of Canad.