The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Promoting Biodiversity and Sustainability in The Agriculture and Food Sector Through Economic Valuation

In this study, SWAT is also used to simulate the change in the surface water availability and soil erosion because of agroforestry scenarios in a selected catchment and the change in water quality that related to the fertilizer application because of agroforestry scenarios which affect the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in rivers. [...] Mathematical illustration the DID method is depicted in equation below: (5) 16 where is a change in the value of the dependent variable for Treatment Group during the observation period and is a change in the value of the dependent variable for the Control Group during the observation period (Card and Krueger, 1994; Gertler, Martinez, Premand, Rawlings and Vermeersch, 2011). [...] In this study, the value chain method will be applied to map the chain of cacao commodity in terms of the flow of products and actors involved in the value chain starting from producer level (farmers) to consumer level and to identify which actors provide the biggest value-added in the value chain. [...] After the mapping conducted, the next analysis will be focused to examine the performance of the chain (i.e, farmer’s share and margin) and policy interventions needed to improve the performance of the chain. [...] The information gathered from the interview will be collated and analysed as the basis for the next analysis, i.e., the simulations of the policy interventions needed to improve the sustainability of cacao value chain.