More specifically, the Soviet Union and the United States’ competing strategic interests, activities, and capabilities in the Arctic drove Canada to take a more proactive, and at times assertive, approach to the region.6 In the 1950s, for instance, Canada responded to Russia’s securitization of the Arctic through co-operation with the United States on the development of the Distant Early Warning L. [...] In 1969, for example, the American oil tanker Manhattan sailed through Canada’s NWP, thereby triggering new debates in Canada about the nature of the country’s Arctic posture and policy.7 In response to these challenges, the Pierre Trudeau administration adopted a new Arctic policy in 1970 – one predicated on the exclusion of outside actors and the protection and conservation of the Arctic’s envir. [...] To ensure safe maritime transportation and expanded search and rescue capacities, the GoC will leverage the presence of the Canadian Rangers, the Canadian Armed Forces, and the Canadian Coast Guard in the Arctic region.28 To address this litany of policy aims, the Trudeau government has prioritized bilateralism and multilateralism in its Arctic policy approach. [...] Governmental Actors Responsibility and Engagement in Arctic Affairs Ministry of Oceans and The MOF specializes in issues related to the Arctic maritime Fisheries (MOF) environment, port development, and fisheries.128 The ministry takes the lead in forming the country’s Arctic policy master plan and co-operates with other relevant ministries.129 The ministry is also in charge of funding and is resp. [...] In particular, for the Arctic Council, KOPRI has actively participated in the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme working group meetings and workshops.155 Since joining UArctic in 2016, KOPRI has also facilitated the delivery of the Arctic Science Fellowship program.156 KOPRI has developed a close partnership with the IASC since its participation in 2002 and has served as the Chair of the P.
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