Different States, Different Steps: Comparing Pathways to Parliaments Among and Within Liberal Democracies

Different States, Different Steps: Comparing Pathways to Parliaments Among and Within Liberal Democracies Different States, Different Groups, Different Routes: Comparing Pathways to Parliament for Immigrants and Visible Minorities Karen Bird Department of Political Science McMaster University Overview: The problem of comparing Which groups? Which countries? Which representative bodies? What can ot. [...] Demographic Parity in National Parliaments (Lower House) 120 100 96 80 77 74 FOREIGN-BORN Elected 61 63 60 58 FOREIGN-BORN Demographic 50 51 51 Parity 46 VIS-MIN** Elected 40 36 29 29 3128 22 21 VIS-MIN** Demographic Parity 20 9 9 10 6 1 0 CANADA U. [...] Demographic Parity in Ontario City Councils 25 21 20 15 VIS-MIN elected 10 VIS-MIN demographic parity8 6 6 5 5 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 TO ON AM GA ON E R PH N ON PT KH AU T N EL D O R M R L E S MI H U ON TO RA MA IS HA T C G L B ISS K I M Citizenship Regime Immigration regime Post-colonial, guest-worker, co-ethnic, settler-state Migration streams and language proficiency Maturity (2nd, 3rd + gener. [...] in France (Brouard & Tiberj, 2010) Then why such low representation at Ontario municipal level, while so high in cities in Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway…? M/C cannot account for patterns of minority representation across / within countries Local Civil Society Landscape Spatial concentration within certain cities and national electoral districts But, enclaves may be accompanied by: socio-ec. [...] Demographic Parity in Ontario City Councils Citizenship Regime Citizenship Regime Local Civil Society Landscape Electoral and Political System Slide Number 13 Towards a Mature Representative Relationship… Slide Number 15.