The Future of Open Data

Table of Contents

• Cover 1
• Halftitle Page 2
• Title Page 4
• Copyright 5
• Table of Contents 6
• Acknowledgements 12
• Introduction 14
• 1. The Evolution of Open Data 14
• 2. Unravelling Open Data Assumptions 17
• 3. Changes in the Role and Value of Data 19
• 4. The Chapters in this Collection 21
• 5. Signals about the Future of Open Data from our Contributors 24
• References 28
• Part I: Open Data Origins 30
• Chapter 1: Looking Back toward a “Smarter” Open Data Future 32
• 1. Open Data Social and Technological Assemblage 34
• 2. The Legacy of Technical Conceptualizations of Open Data 35
• 3. Global Data Sharing: A Genealogy 40
• 4. Open Data in Canada: A Genealogy 48
• 4.1 Open Data in Canada 48
• 5. Open Data in Smart Systems 54
• 6. Conclusion 56
• References 60
• Part II: Pitfalls and Opportunities 68
• Chapter 2: Open Government Data and Confidential Commercial Information : Challenging the Future of Open Data 70
• 1. Opening Government Data 72
• 1.1 Proprietary Data 74
• 1.2 Confidential and Commercially Sensitive Data 76
• 2. Crown Copyright and Data Expropriation 84
• 3. Conclusion 85
• References 87
• Chapter 3: Reusability of Publicly Accessible User Data on Platform Websites 92
• 1. Public User Data on Platform Websites 94
• 2. Legal Intervention in the Development of the Internet 98
• 3. Access Barriers to Public User Data on Platforms 100
• 3.1 Technological Barriers 101
• 3.2 Legal Barriers 104
• 4. Discussion 109
• 5. Conclusion and Recommendations 111
• References 111
• Chapter 4: Challenges to the Access of Government Open Data by Private Sector Companies 116
• 1. Measuring the Use and Value of Open Data 118
• 2. Interviews with Private Sector Open Data Users in the Kitchener/Waterloo–Toronto Corridor 120
• 2.1 Classification of Users 121
• 2.2 Sources and Types of Open Data Accessed 121
• 2.3 The Benefits of Using Open Data 122
• 3. The Challenges of Using Open Data 124
• 3.1 Access across Jurisdictions 125
• 3.2 Access to the Full Catalogue 125
• 3.3 Access to Accurate and Current Data 126
• 4. Discussion: Improved Linking and Standardization of Datasets to Support Private Sector Use 127
• 4.1 Linked Open Data 127
• 4.2 Greater Standardization of Datasets 129
• 5. Conclusions 130
• References 132
• Chapter 5: Open Data and Government Liability 138
• 1. The Demand for Open Data 141
• 2. Slow Down, Don’t Move Too Fast: Deterrents to Open Data 143
• 3. Hurry Up, Open It Up: Rebuttals for Open Data 145
• 4. Liability and Efficient Allocation of Duties 146
• 5. Negligence and Public Authority Liability 150
• 6. Government Strategies: Shields from Liability 154
• 7. Advocate Strategies: Liability as a Sword 156
• 8. Statutory Scheme for Open Data Clarity 158
• 9. Conclusion: Incentives to Open 162
• References 163
• Part III: New Landscapes for Open Data 170
• Chapter 6: Examining the Value of Geospatial Open Data 172
• 1. Research Context 173
• 2. Data and Methods 176
• 2.1 Study Area 176
• 2.2 Data Collection for the G4 Cities 177
• 2.3 Additional Data Collection and Analysis for the City of Toronto 178
• 3. Analysis and Results 180
• 3.1 Data Formats and Themes in the G4 Cities’ Open Data Catalogues 180
• 3.2 The City of Toronto’s GIS-Ready Open Data 182
• 4. Recommendations 184
• 4.1 Open Data in the G4 Cities 184
• 4.2 The Contribution of GIS-Ready Open Data to Toronto’s Economic Development 185
• 4.3 Limitations of the Study 186
• 5. Conclusions and Outlook 187
• References 188
• Chapter 7: Data for Development : Exploring Connections between Open Data, Big Data, and Data Privacy in the Global South 192
• 1. Open Data, Big Data, and Data Privacy 194
• 1.1 Open Data 194
• 1.2 Big Data for Development: Leveraging the Private Sector 196
• 1.3 Data Protection and Privacy 199
• 2. Cross-Cutting Themes 202
• 2.1 A Need for Improved Legal Frameworks for Data Governance 202
• 2.2 Shifting Public- and Private-Sector Roles Raise New Challenges 203
• 2.3 The Development Context Raises Different Issues than in the Global North 203
• 2.4 Capacity Building is Essential 204
• 2.5 Data Has a Complex Relationship with Sustainable Development Goals 205
• 2.6 Gender Dimensions are Important and Insufficiently Addressed 206
• 2.7 Aspects of the Data Revolution Threaten Human Rights and Civil Liberties 207
• 3. Conclusion: Moving Forward—Research for the Data Society 208
• References 209
• Chapter 8: The Future of Open Data is Rural 214
• 1. Explicating the Assumptions of Open Data 216
• 1.1 Technical Capacity Limits Rural Open Data Development and Sustainability 218
• 1.2 Motivations/Goals Underlying Opening Data Are Different for Rural Areas 221
• 1.3 Rural Areas Require a Different Mix of Data Sources and Different Methods of Analyses 223
• 1.4 Rural Open Data is More Likely to be Trans-Jurisdictional 226
• 2. Conclusion and Recommendations 230
• References 234
• Part IV: The Future of Open Data 240
• Chapter 9: Reflections on the Future of Open Data 242
• 1. Challenges to the Future of Open Data 242
• 1.1 Broader Ecosystem Dynamics Impacting the Future of Open Data 242
• 1.2 The Future of Open Data Needs to Reconcile Tensions with Smart City Efforts 243
• 1.3 The Future of Open Data Needs a More Nuanced Approach to Whose Data is Gathered and Open 245
• 2. The Future of Open Data is … Emergent and Evolving 248
• References 248
• Index 252
• Law, Technology, and Media 260
• Backcover 266