Each narrative considers the natural gas industry within the larger context of the energy sector (oil, coal, renewables, etc.); the narratives are also broad enough in scope to draw conclusions on transportation growth patterns in general and the heavy-duty diesel vehicle category specifically. [...] The new rules were adapted in August 2011, through the joint efforts of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which established the emissions standards, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), which developed the fuel consumption standards. [...] Change in the Heavy-Duty Vehicle Classification The heavy-duty diesel category, because it is far and away the largest of the three classifications and responsible for consumption of the most diesel fuel, is the focus of this study. [...] Heavy-duty diesel manufacturers have only ever been answerable to the marketplace, so while they have made strides in vehicle efficiency over the years, they have not been compelled to sacrifice the performance and power valued by clients for the mileage and emissions that are the concerns of government. [...] Potential Fuel Consumption Improvement 12 Source: National Academy of Sciences The NAS points to five distinct ways that fuel and GHG efficiency can be improved in long-haul, heavy-duty diesel trucks – the class of vehicles that consumes the vast majority of diesel fuel and is the focus of this study.