Literature review : Health and social service issues in national bilingual or multilingual contexts

A full bibliographic list is presented in Appendix A. 4. The Issue of Language in the Studied Countries The following sections present a brief overview of the status of the languages in the countries for which studies were found. [...] The 1993 adoption of the Welsh Language Act, the appointment of a Welsh Language Commissioner in 2012, and the founding of the Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol in 2011 to support the development of post-secondary education have been accompanied by research highlighting the constraints linked to the absence of Welsh-language health and social care. [...] The development, over the past six years, of measurement tools, is a reflection of the desire to measure inequalities in access to health services and the active offer of these services for OLMCs. [...] A number of psycho-social elements, including the specialized nature of medical language, the difficulty of understanding and speaking in English, and the difficulty of expressing emotion and pain in a second language, point to the importance of language in healthcare services. [...] The study evaluated speech and language therapy services in three cities in the United Kingdom and their compliance with the standards of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists.