From NORAD to NOR[A]D

The NORAD solution was the product of several key factors: geography, which made the defence of North America indivisible; the Second World War experience of the common threats posed by Japan and Nazi Germany, followed by the Soviet threat of the Cold War; shared democratic values; a common language; growing economic integration; and the high costs associated with developing an air defence infrast [...] In 2017, NORAD reported back to the PJBD and broke apart the study into six domain components, to be studied and submitted in the following order: air, maritime, cyber, aerospace, outer space and land.8 At EvoNAD’s core is the examination of immediate and future threats to North America and the utility of current defence structures and capabilities to meet them. [...] It also includes the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida, and portions of the Caribbean region to include the Bahamas, Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands. [...] In effect, the process which led to the creation of NORAD long ago is likely to be replicated for the defence of the maritime approaches to North America. [...] Moreover, there are certain areas in the cyber-domain that relate to national secrets which are not shared, despite the close level of intelligence co-operation between Canada and the U. S., as well as within the Five Eyes world.23 As a function of the unique nature of the cyber-domain and threat environment, both Public Safety Canada and the U. S. Department of Homeland Security should assume a b