The key to keeping ahead of the cyber-criminals is to recalibrate our understanding of the threats accompanying the technology. [...] Various treaties attempt to make IP rights enforceable in other countries, but the ultimate enforceability of rights depends on the laws of the country in question, the type of IP being protected and the specifics of any existing treaties. [...] The cyber-threat to IP is unevenly understood by many in government, outside of the security- related agencies, poorly comprehended by Canadian businesses of all sizes and remains a very real impediment to many export sectors of the Canadian economy. [...] These are intended to respect the privacy of Canadians and to ensure in turn that Canadians trust that their privacy will be handled securely and protected in the hands of businesses (Justice Laws, 2015). [...] Although the legislation’s general intent is for the protection of individuals, it is really only a small step forward when we consider the pressing need to effectively modernize and manage a suite of laws which govern commerce and information, but which do not address current privacy concerns and cyber-security matters in the modern context of e-commerce.