Educating for gross national happiness in Bhutan : Developing curricula and indicators for an educated populace : a literature review

In the following chapters we explore—among other key literacies—knowledge of the natural world, of science, and of ways of learning about, understanding, and living in the natural world that rely on and also go beyond the rational, scientific approach. [...] In comprehending the full extent of the learning efforts made by people of all ages, account must be taken of the fact that learning is a defining characteristic of all human activity. [...] Also important is having a deeper understanding of the contexts within which the literacy domain operates, which leads one to a broader understanding of the meaning of the given literacy. [...] All of these criteria appear to resonate with the broad definition of GNH values and principles, as reflected in a GNH-based educational system, that we have taken for the purpose of this literature review and as reiterated above. [...] The development of the identified key competencies and the underlying level of mental complexity does not presuppose either a very high degree of cognitive skills or a high level of education, but requires an overall development of critical thinking and a reflective, integrated practice based on formal and informal knowledge and experience in life.21 Bhutanese leaders have stressed that an educati