Multiculturalism "on the ground"

In the second case, that of the US, the level of segregation of Blacks is extreme, and is the defining case of ghettoization among minorities in af- fluent countries. [...] Canadian and European research exploring the extreme segregation of visible minorities began in the mid 1 0s and was largely framed around the extent to which the Canadian experience paralleled that of the US. [...] In all cases the higher the value/size of the variable, the higher the indices of segregation are likely to be. [...] Explanations of underclass development cite the importance of economic restructuring and the decline and relocation of manufacturing and public sector employment (Kasarda 1 0); the suburbanization of middle class Blacks and Hispanics from inner city ghetto communities (Wilson 1 87); the retrenchment of welfare and public housing programs (Jencks 1 2); and the legacy of institutional racism and r [...] This advanced marginality is characterized at both a per- sonal and neighbourhood level by uncertainty and precariousness in the wage labour market, disconnection from the vagaries of the macro-economy, geo- graphical concentration and the stigmatization of place, alienation from other residents within the community, erosion of personal and professional support networks and a lack of shared commun