The Accountability Surface of Militaries Using Automated Technologies - Arthur Holland Michel

it is a measure of all the gaps where accountability is A similar metaphor might be helpful for our applied in practice — of all the ways that the chain purposes — specifically, the accountability of accountability might just abruptly trail off.... [...] Instead of asking whether a technology is or is not autonomous, and only then asking whether a human can be held accountable, the accountability surface insists upon a new question: The Accountability Will the use of this technology expand or contract the degree to which anyone in the organization Surface of Automated will be held accountable for any harms resulting from any process in which it pl. [...] It Let us extend this metaphor: Does the accountability expands the question of who to blame beyond the surface expand as a result of automating single abstract, almost mythological figure of the technologies, or does it shrink? This is, of course, “human in the loop.” As a result, this metaphor helps a big question. [...] However, the implication of the sunrise metaphor is that each of the touchpoints of human control would expand the surface of accountability. [...] Consider all the For each of these mapped failures, ask the times, for example, when a drone strike hit civilians question: With whom would the buck stop? because the resolution in the cameras was not high enough to show the operators that the figures on the → Have a plan for when the human or screen were not soldiers.