Microsoft Word - FINAL PECCPrimer_v20211022 PECC Signature Project on the Digital Economy Primer on Economic Integration Issues Posed by the Digital Economy 22 October 2021 PECC Signature Project Primer on Economic Integration Issues C ontents Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... [...] 39 2. Digital Economy Issues ............................................................................................................................ [...] 89 3. Digital Trade Issues ................................................................................................................................... [...] 113 2 PECC Signature Project Primer on Economic Integration Issues This Primer is the product of a signature project of the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council led by the New Zealand Committee of the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (NZPECC) We express our great appreciation to the members of the Advisory Group for their inputs to the report. The views express. [...] Digital Trade Issues The globalization of the Internet and the ability to move data across borders underpins an increasing amount of economic activity and international trade. Digital technologies have transformed businesses and the way in which business is done, allowing any business to potentially reach overseas customers and sell products online. One of the major challenges currently in rela.
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Table of Contents
- Acronyms 4
- Glossary 7
- Executive Summary 14
- Emerging Policy Challenges 14
- Foundational Policy Challenges 17
- Issues of Application 18
- Emerging Disruptors 19
- Digital Trade Issues 20
- Process enablers 22
- Emerging digital trade fragmentation 23
- Cross-Cutting Issues 24
- Primer Overview 26
- Objective 26
- Approach 28
- 1. Key Concepts and Issues 30
- 1.1 Key Concepts 30
- 1.1.1 Digital Economy 30
- Definition 30
- Drivers 31
- 1.1.2 Digital Trade 32
- Definition 32
- Drivers 34
- 1.2 Cross-Cutting Issues 35
- 1.2.1 Digital and Development 35
- 1.2.2 Driving Inclusivity 35
- 1.2.3 Closing the Digital Divide 36
- 1.2.4 Green Digitalization and Sustainability 37
- 1.2.5 Digitalization of Businesses Big and Small 39
- 2.1 Foundational Policy Issues 41
- 2.1.1 Data Protection and Privacy 41
- What is the issue 41
- Why is it an issue 41
- What are some considerations and challenges 42
- Examples of emerging practices 43
- Key takeaways 44
- 2.1.2 Cybersecurity 46
- What is the issue 46
- Why is it an issue 46
- What are some considerations and challenges 48
- Examples of emerging practices 48
- Key takeaways 49
- 2.1.3 Competition Policy 50
- What is the issue 50
- Why is it an issue 50
- What are some considerations and challenges 52
- Examples of emerging practices 54
- Key takeaways 56
- 2.1.4 Online Consumer Protection 58
- What is the issue 58
- Why is it an issue 58
- What are some considerations and challenges 59
- Examples of emerging practices 60
- Key takeaways 62
- 2.1.5 Intellectual Property IP 63
- What is the issue 63
- Why is it an issue 63
- What are some considerations and challenges 64
- Examples of emerging practices 66
- Key takeaways 66
- 2.2 Application Issues 68
- 2.2.1 Digital Identity 68
- What is the issue 68
- Why is it an issue 68
- What are some considerations and challenges 70
- Examples of emerging practices 71
- Key takeaways 72
- 2.2.2 Data Sharing 73
- What is the issue 73
- Why is it an issue 73
- What are some considerations and challenges 74
- Examples of emerging practices 75
- Key takeaways 76
- 2.2.3 Quality of Service QoS 77
- What is the issue 77
- Why are QoS requirements an issue 77
- What are some considerations and challenges 78
- Examples of emerging practices 79
- Key takeaways 79
- 2.3 Emerging Issues 80
- 2.3.1 Artificial Intelligence AI 80
- What is the issue 80
- Why is it an issue 80
- What are some considerations and challenges 81
- Examples of emerging practices 82
- Key takeaways 84
- 2.3.2 Intermediate Liability 85
- What is the issue 85
- Why is it an issue 86
- What are some considerations and challenges 86
- Examples of emerging practices 87
- Key takeaways 88
- 2.3.3 Content Moderation 89
- What is the issue 89
- Why is it an issue 89
- What are some considerations and challenges 89
- Examples of emerging practices 91
- Key takeaways 92
- 3.1 Core Issues 94
- 3.1.1 Cross-Border Data Flows 94
- What is the issue 94
- Why is it an issue 94
- What are some considerations and challenges 95
- Examples of emerging practices 96
- Key takeaways 97
- 3.1.2 Data Sovereignty 97
- What is the issue 97
- Why is it an issue 97
- What are some considerations and challenges 98
- Key takeaways 100
- 3.2 Process Enablers 101
- 3.2.1 Data Transfer Mechanisms 101
- What is the issue 101
- Why is it an issue 101
- What are some considerations and challenges 101
- Examples of emerging practices 103
- Key takeaways 104
- 3.2.2 Digital Trade Standards 106
- What is the issue 106
- Why is it an issue 106
- What are some considerations and challenges 107
- Examples of emerging practices 108
- Key takeaways 108
- 3.3 Emerging Issues 110
- 3.3.1 Regulatory Fragmentation 110
- What is the issue 110
- Why is it an issue 110
- What are some considerations and challenges 110
- Examples of emerging practices 112
- Key takeaways 112
- 3.3.2 Digital Regulatory Arbitrage 113
- What is the issue 113
- Why is it an issue 113
- What are some considerations and challenges 114
- Examples of emerging practices 114
- Key takeaways 115