“The health of Indigenous people residing in urban centres” brings together accessible data and literature on the health of Indigenous people residing in urban settings in Canada. The report describes Indigenous people’s urbanization and mobility patterns, factors influencing their health status, their health outcomes, and the challenges affecting health services provision for urban Indigenous populations. Key considerations for future research, policy development, and programming related to the health of Indigenous people residing in urban centres are also discussed.
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- Pages
- 112
- Published in
- Canada
Table of Contents
- List of tables and figures 5
- INTRODUCTION 6
- DATA AND LITERATURE 9
- KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 10
- URBANIZATION AND MOBILITY PATTERNS 12
- Urbanization of Indigenous Peoples 12
- Ethnic mobility in urban Indigenous populations 16
- Urban migration and mobility in Indigenous populations 19
- Urban Indigenous population profile 22
- Health status 25
- Social determinants of health 25
- Colonialism and structural inequities 27
- Education, employment, and income 30
- Core housing and homelessness 33
- Food security and traditional/country foods 35
- Nutrition and physical activity 39
- Smoking, alcohol, and substance use 41
- Access to health care services 44
- Cultural connection and community belonging 47
- Health outcomes 49
- Life expectancy and mortality 49
- Infant mortality and adverse birth outcomes 52
- Morbidity and chronic diseases 57
- Mental health 66
- Self-perceived health 68
- IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICE DELIVERY 71
- Jurisdictional implications 71
- Demographic implications 73
- PROGRAMS AND SERVICES 77
- Selected national initiatives 77
- Selected regional initiatives 80
- Vancouver 80
- Winnipeg 84
- RESEARCH, POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMING 86
- Service gaps 86
- Recommendations for future research 87
- CONCLUSION 89
- REFERENCES 90
- Table 1: Indigenous population in Canada, by Indigenous group, 2021 13
- Table 2: Status First Nations population in Canada, 2021 13
- Table 3: Inuit population in Canada, 2021 13
- Table 4: Number and percentage of Indigenous People in total population of selected CMAs and breakdown of total Indigenous Population in selected CMAs, 2021 15
- Table 5: Average age (years) of Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations in selected CMAs, 2021 22
- Table 6: Percentage of Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations aged 14 years and younger in selected CMAs, 2021 23
- Table 7: Percentage of Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations aged 55 years and older in selected CMAs, 2021 24
- Table 8: Top 5 employment industries for off-reserve Indigenous women and men, 2021 31
- Table 9: Education, employment, and income for off-reserve Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, 2021 32
- Figure 1: Poverty gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations living in five major urban centres (2020) 37
- Table 10: Percentage of smoking, alcohol use, and marijuana use in off-reserve Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, grades 9 to 12 students, 2014/15 43
- Table 11: Life Expectancy and mortality for off-reserve Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, 2011 50
- Table 12: Mortality rate per 100,000 people by cause of death for off-reserve First Nations and non-Indigenous populations, 2016 51
- Table 13: Adverse birth outcomes for Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, 2004-2006 53
- Table 14: Adverse Birth Outcomes for Status First Nations and All Other Populations in Manitoba, 2012/13-2016/17 55
- Figure 2: Self-perceived health for off-reserve Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, 12 years and older, 2011-2014 69
