The greatest challenge is to ‘reconcile the territorial dimensions of citizenship with the temporal dimensions: acting in the present for the sake of the future, establishing zones of humane governance as building blocks’. [...] These fundamental human rights and liberties include, at least since the 1948 United Nations (UN) Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the following: •. the fundamental right of the human person to life, dignity, and security; •. freedom of religion, assembly, expression, the press, and conscience; •. economic, social, and cultural rights – the idea of democracy as a means of satisfying and resp [...] The element of choice logically implies that democracy is government by the consent of the governed; •. the right of citizens to participate in the management of public affairs through a variety of means, such as free, transparent, and democratic elections; decentralised governmental structures; non-governmental organisations (NGOs); and community-based organisations. [...] The first he regards as ‘minimalist’: liberal democracy, for Ake, reflects the narrow interests of elites, privileges multi-party elections and democratic procedure, and has a belief in the supremacy of the constitution and the ‘democracy of Western governments and the Bretton Woods institutions’. [...] Harbeson (1999: 42–43) argues that one of the limitations of much of the existing body of literature on democratisation is the ‘election-centric’ conception of the transition phases and the often unrealistic expectations that accompany this period.