Race and Well-Being : The Lives, Hopes and Activism of African Canadians

Table of Contents

• The Origins of This Project 12
• The Context of This Research 14
• Why Halifax Calgary and Toronto 16
• Deep listening and back to action 25
• Tracking the Lived Experience of african canadians 29
• Everyday Experiences Standpoints and Theories 32
• Moving Forward Responding to the impact of Racism 38
• Racism and Resistance in Historical Context 43
• The early Presence of africans in canada 47
• The black loyalists Maroons and Refugees 48
• Legislation against Slavery and Its Aftermath 49
• Settlement in the West and Prairies 50
• Settlement in Montreal 52
• The Twentieth century and the colour line 55
• T he black Population in canada 64
• The Black Communities of Halifax Calgary and Toronto a Portrait of Diversity 66
• The Multiple Manifestations of Racism 74
• Racism and Daily Life Experiences The Responses to the Survey 76
• Exoticization Racism being constructed as Other 80
• Dehumanization Racism Terrorized at Every Turn 84
• Marginalization Racism Being Considered Inferior 89
• Alienation Racism The Immigration Experience 92
• Theories of Immigration-Related Stress 96
• Power Poverty and the institutional Web 99
• Racism and the Education System 100
• Economic and Financial Stresses A Vicious Cycle 107
• Racism Policing and the Legal System 119
• Racism is bad for Your Health 125
• Racism as a Determinant of Health 126
• Exploring the Social Determinants of Health 128
• Racism-Related Stress 131
• Racism-Related Stress Health and Well-Being 133
• Racism in Health care 136
• Internalized Racism The annihilation of the individual 137
• The Health effects of Racism From the emotional to Jobs Housing and education 140
• Downloading Stresses onto the Family 145
• Ways of coping From a Strong Racial Identity to Denial 151
• A Strong Racial Identity 151
• Culture-Based Spirituality 153
• Social Support 156
• Denial of Racism 158
• To Dance Through the cosmos The Journey to Hope Healing and action 168
• The Power of Faith and Spirituality 169
• The Family as a Site of Learning and Hope 173
• The Hope of education 175
• The Community as a Source of cohesion and identity 179
• Healing from Within a Multi-layered Process 183
• Healing From the Self to Family and Community 184
• Purposeful education learning from the Past 185
• The Power of Positive Role Models 187
• Creating a Space for Healing and Forgiveness 188
• Moving from Healing to action Building on Strengths 189
• Solidarity in Diversity a Politics of equality and inclusion 194
• Building Bridges of Solidarity From an ethic of care to a Rainbow coalition 195
• The Future concrete Results and Racism as a Social Determinant of Health 196
• Select Bibliography 198
• Index 212