5.3 Safety and Health Impacts 5.3.1 Index

3.3 Accident Costs Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis II – Safety and Health Costs Victoria Transport Policy Institute (www.vtpi.org) 5.3 Safety and Health Impacts This chapter examines transportation safety and health impacts, including crash damages, personal security and public health. [...] 53 4 October 2021 www.vtpi.org/tca/tca0503.pdf Page 5.3-1 Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis II – Safety and Health Costs Victoria Transport Policy Institute (www.vtpi.org) 5.3.2 Definitions Public Health Public health refers to the overall health and wellbeing of people in a community. [...] However, total lifetime crash risk is significant and crashes can have catastrophic impacts, causing tens of thousands of deaths, millions of injuries and hundreds of billions in losses annually in the U. [...] The Comprehensive approach adds non-market costs, including pain, grief, and reduced quality of life, as reflected by people’s willingness-to-pay for increased safety (i.e., reduced risk of crashes and reduced crash damages), or willingness-to-accept increased crash risk and damages. [...] Transport Concepts estimates that 3% to 47% of crash costs are external and argues that the higher range is most appropriate.45 Jansson emphasizes external costs crashes imposed on unprotected road users (pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists), and uncompensated damage costs borne by society.46 Other researchers also stress the costs motor vehicle risk impose on pedestrians 48 and cyclists,47 wh.