Big Data Surveillance and Security Intelligence D HTE RIG OPY

The eighteenth and nine- teenth centuries also saw the emergence of internal political policing with the “new police,” whose roles included the breaking up of reform meetings and demonstrations and the “moving on” of the urban poorD and homeless. [...] D The postwar period in the United States saw the TmigEration and ascent of security intelligence from a fringe activity often run largely by enthusiasts and amateurs to the core of the state during the Cold War, with intelligence agencies – as expert bureaucracies with the greatest access to seHcret information, burgeoning budgets, and the least accountability to eleIcGted bodies – constituting t. [...] In the former, the information and communications technology (ICT) companies know that they are delivering data to the NSA; in the latter, the data are delivered without the consent of the collaborators. [...] As a significant outcome of the globalized collaboration, I examine the Japanese case of surveillance laws – the Secrecy Act, the Wiretapping Act, and the Conspiracy Act – and discern a judicial trend towards legalizing previously illegal mass surveillance, in relation to the NSA’s collaborative strat- egies.5 The early format of retroactive immunity is sustained Dand reinforced in the trend, whic. [...] According to Snow- den, however, the government is more likely to pursue knowledge of individual cases than knowledge from all the customers in PRISM, and there is an inter- mediate step where the government sends requests for certain online accounts to the company, and then the company pulls all the information directly from the servers and gives an exact copy to the government.