However, this result differs from the most recent international large-scale assessments in which Canada participated: boys outperformed girls in mathematics at the Grade 4 level in the 2019 administration of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) (O’Grady, Rostamian, et al., 2021) and at age 15 in the 2018 administration of the Programme for International Student Assessm. [...] At the pan-Canadian level, close to 80 percent of students reported that their first language is the same as the language of the school system — English in anglophone systems, and French in francophone systems. [...] Compared to the previous administration of PCAP in 2016, the percentage of students currently enrolled in French-as-a-second-language programs in anglophone schools has increased from 23 to 25 percent, while the percentage of students currently enrolled in English-as-a-second-language programs in francophone schools has increased from 13 to 23 percent. [...] In the research literature, books in the home are regarded as both a source of academic knowledge and skills and a measure of the parents’ commitment to the education of their children (Evans et al., 2014). [...] The bottom quarter represents numbers below the 25th percentile; the second quarter represents the 25th to the 49th percentile; the third quarter represents the 50th to the 74th percentile; and the top quarter represents the 75th percentile and above.
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