Aqueduct, TSA) has been the main source of Where water is scarce, wastewater might be the only reli- water for irrigation in the three Spanish prov- able water source to buffer water scarcity or to replace inces of Murcia, Alicante, and Almería since freshwater for higher-value use (Food and Agriculture 1979, in addition to providing water for tourism Organization of the United Nations [FAO], 2010. [...] The possibility of a water swap was based The advantages are multiple: The water from the on investment in wastewater treatment infrastructure to Guadalupe Victoria dam will provide about 30% of urban secure farmers' acceptance of up to 57 m3 of high-quality demand, while the urban aquifer will cease to be over- reclaimed water per day (18.8 Mm3/year) during pro- exploited; the municipality will r. [...] when freshwater use is no longer permitted, reliable, or While farmers already receive the reclaimed water, the the salinity of the freshwater exceeds that of the last building block for the city is the drinking water treat- reclaimed water (Drechsel et al., 2018). [...] However, with the increasing using as proxy the current domestic water price or con- sophistication of water treatment, the nutrient value sumers' willingness to pay, which usually increases with will decrease, and the quality of the reclaimed water in water scarcity. [...] In • Cities are literally in an unfavourable situation to terms of water productivity, the water swap towards negotiate a water swap if the farm areas are down- higher-value urban use allows a water productivity gain stream and there is no feasible alternative outlet for by a factor of 17 to 41 comparing the water values the urban effluent than the natural course of a river between two farming sit.
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