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October 31, 2017: “The Security Council expresses grave concern at the scale and severity of the violations and abuses committed against children in 2016, as documented in the report of the Secretary-General (S/2017/821) on children and armed conflict, which included alarming levels of killing and maiming of children, recruitment and use of chil- dren, including by the use of children as human shi. [...] In a March 29, 2019 letter, titled “Challenges Regarding the Use of Civilians as Human Shields by NATO’s Adversaries” and addressed to the Secretary-Gener- al of NATO, the NATO Supreme Allied Commander identified the issue of hu- man shields as an “important obstacle” to the success of NATO missions.6 He stated that the use of civilians as human shields provides NATO’s adversaries “undeniable oper. [...] Permissive sanctions list.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, the President should sub- mit to the appropriate congressional committees a list of each foreign person that the President determines, on or after the date of the enact- ment of this Act, knowingly orders, controls, or otherwise directs the Sarah Teich and Daniel Eisen | May 202. [...] any person identified as an agent or instrumentality of Hamas on the list of specially designated nationals and blocked persons main- tained by the Office of Foreign Asset Control of the Department of the Treasury, the property or interests in property of which are blocked pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers 34 PROTECTING INNOCENTS IN COMBAT A PROPOSED NEW ACT TO SANCTION AND D. [...] any person identified as an agent or instrumentality of Hizballah on the list of specially designated nationals and blocked persons main- tained by the Office of Foreign Asset Control of the Department of the Treasury, the property or interests in property of which are blocked pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.